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{{taxobox
|name              = Sugar Canes
|image             = Cut sugarcane.jpg
|image_caption     = Cut sugar cane
|regnum            = [[Plantae]]
|phylum            = [[Magnoliophyta]]
|unranked_classis  = [[Monocots]]
|unranked_ordo     = [[Commelinids]]
|ordo              = [[Poales]]
|familia           = [[Poaceae]]
|genus             = '''''Saccharum'''''
|genus_authority   = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Selected species
|subdivision        = 
''[[Saccharum arundinaceum]]'' <br/><!-- Hardy Sugar Cane -->
''[[Saccharum bengalense]]''{{Verify source|date=June 2009}}<!-- "benghalense"? syn. of arundinaceum? --> <br/>
''[[Saccharum edule]]'' <br/>
''[[Saccharum munja]]''{{Verify source|date=June 2009}}<!-- syn. of arundinaceum? --> <br/>
''[[Saccharum officinarum]]'' <br/>
''[[Saccharum procerum]]'' <br/>
''[[Saccharum ravennae]]'' <br/><!-- Ekra, (South Asian) "elephant grass" -->
''[[Saccharum robustum]]'' <br/>
''[[Saccharum sinense]]'' <br/>
''[[Saccharum spontaneum]]'' <br/><!-- Kans Grass -->
|}}
'''Sugarcane''' is any of six to thirty-seven species (depending on taxonomic system) of tall [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[Poaceae|grasses]] of the genus ''[[Saccharum]]'' (family [[Poaceae]], tribe [[Andropogoneae]]). Native to warm temperate to tropical regions of [[Asia]], they have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in [[sugar]], and measure two to six meters (six to nineteen feet) tall. All sugar [[cane]] species interbreed, and the major commercial [[cultivar]]s are complex [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]].

Today, sugarcane is grown in over 110 countries. In 2008 an estimated 1,743 million [[metric tons]] were produced worldwide, with about 50 percent of production occurring in Brazil and India.<ref name=FAOSTAT>{{cite web |publisher = [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |title=Crop production |url = http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor |accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref>

Sugar cane products include table sugar, [[Falernum]], [[molasses]], [[rum]], [[cachaça]] (the national spirit of Brazil), and [[ethanol]]. The [[bagasse]] that remains after sugar cane crushing may be burned to provide heat and electricity. It may also, because of its high cellulose content, serve as raw material for [[paper]], [[Corrugated fiberboard|cardboard]], and eating utensils that, because they are by-products, may be branded as "[[environmentally friendly]]".

== History of sugarcane==
:''For a longer history, see [[History of sugar]].''

[[Image:Spread sugarcane.JPG|thumb|left|350px|The westward diffusion of sugarcane in pre-Islamic times (shown in red), in the medieval [[Muslim world]] (green) and by Europeans (violet)<ref name = Watson/>|alt=Map showing sugar cane India as the first sugar cane country, followed by small areas in Africa, and smaller areas in Europe]]
Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=Sharpe/><!--Mainland or island?--> Different species likely originated in different locations with ''S. barberi'' originating in [[India]] and ''S. edule'' and ''S. officinarum'' coming from [[New Guinea]].<ref name=Sharpe>[http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/sugar.htm Sharpe, Peter (1998). ''Sugar Cane: Past and Present''. Illinois: Southern Illinois University.]</ref> Crystallized sugar was reported 5,000 years ago in India. 

Around the eighth century A.D., [[India|Indian]] traders introduced sugar to the [[Mediterranean]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Egypt]], [[North Africa]], and [[Andalusia]]. By the tenth century, sources state, there was no village in [[Mesopotamia]] that did not grow sugar cane.<ref name = Watson>Watson, Andrew. ''Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world. [[Cambridge University Press]]. p.26–7.</ref> It was among the early crops brought to the Americas by the [[Andalusia]]ns (from their fields in the [[Canary Islands]]), and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]].

"Boiling houses" in the 17th through 19th centuries converted sugarcane juice into raw [[sugar]].  These houses were attached to sugar plantations in the western colonies.  Slaves often ran the boiling process, under very poor conditions. Made of cut stone, rectangular boxes of brick or stone served as furnaces with an opening at the bottom to stoke the fire and remove ashes. At the top of each furnace were up to seven copper kettles or boilers, each one smaller and hotter than the previous one. The cane juice began in the largest kettle. The juice was then heated and lime added to remove impurities. The juice was skimmed, then channeled to successively smaller kettles. The last kettle, which was called the 'teache', was where the cane juice became syrup. The next step was a cooling trough, where the sugar crystals hardened around a sticky core of molasses. This raw sugar was then shoveled from the cooling trough into [[hogshead]]s (wooden barrels), and from there into the curing house.

[[File:Cannes-sucre-Georgi.jpg|thumb|right|A sugar plantation on the island of [[Réunion]] in the late 1800s|alt=Black and white photo of sugar cane standing in field]]
Sugarcane is still extensively grown in the [[Caribbean]]. [[Christopher Columbus]] first brought  it during his second voyage to [[the Americas]], initially to the island of [[Hispaniola]] (modern day [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]). In colonial times, sugar formed one side of the [[triangular trade]] of New World raw materials, European manufactures, and African [[Slavery|slaves]]. [[France]] found its sugarcane islands so valuable, it effectively traded its portion of Canada, famously dubbed "[[a few acres of snow]]," to Britain for their return of [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]] at the end of the [[Seven Years' War]]. The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] similarly kept [[Suriname]], a sugar colony in [[South America]], instead of seeking the return of the [[New Netherlands]] (New York). [[Cuba]]n sugarcane produced sugar that received price supports from and a guaranteed market in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]; the dissolution of that country forced the closure of most of Cuba's sugar industry. Sugarcane remains an important part of the economy of [[Guyana]], [[Belize]], [[Barbados]], [[Haiti]], along with the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Jamaica]], and other islands. 

Sugarcane production greatly influenced many tropical [[Pacific Islands]], including [[Okinawa]] and, most particularly, [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]] and [[Fiji]]. In these islands, sugarcane came to dominate the economic and political landscape after the arrival of powerful European and American agricultural businesses, which promoted immigration of workers from various Asian countries  to tend and harvest the crop. Sugar was the dominant factor in diversifying the islands' ethnic makeup, profoundly affecting their politics and society.

Brazil is the biggest grower of sugarcane, which goes for sugar and [[ethanol]] for  gasoline-ethanol blends ([[gasohol]]) for transportation [[fuel]]. In [[India]], sugarcane is sold as [[jaggery]], and also refined into sugar, primarily for consumption in tea and sweets, and for the production of alcoholic beverages.

== Cultivation ==
[[Image:Sugar cane madeira hg.jpg|thumb|left|Sugar cane field on [[Madeira]]|alt=Photo of standing and fallen cane]]
Sugarcane cultivation requires a [[tropical]] or [[temperate]] climate, with a minimum of {{convert|60|cm|in}} of annual moisture. It is one of the most [[Photosynthetic efficiency|efficient]] [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesizers]] in the [[plant kingdom]]. It is a C-4 plant, able to convert up to 2 percent of incident solar energy into biomass.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} In prime growing regions, such as  India, Pakistan, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Australia, Ecuador, Cuba, the Philippines, El Salvador and Hawaii, sugarcane can produce 20&nbsp;lb (9&nbsp;kg) for each square meter exposed to the sun.[http://agron.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/3/760] 

Although sugarcanes produce seeds, modern stem cutting has become the most common reproduction method. Each cutting must contain at least one bud and the cuttings are sometimes hand-planted. In more technologically advanced countries like the United States and Australia, [[billet planting]] is common. Billets harvested from a mechanical harvester are planted by a machine which opens and recloses the ground. Once planted, a stand can be harvested several times; after each harvest, the cane sends up new stalks, called [[ratoon]]s. Successive harvests give decreasing yields, eventually justifying replanting. Two to ten harvests may be possible between plantings.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

[[Image:Caminhão Carregado.jpg|thumb|right|Sugarcane mechanical harvest in [[Jaboticabal]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]|alt=Photo of trailer trucks filled with plant cane]]
Sugarcane is harvested by hand and mechanically. Hand harvesting accounts for more than half of production, and is dominant in the developing world. In hand harvesting the field is first set on fire. The fire burns dry leaves, and kills any lurking venomous snakes, without harming the water-rich stalks and roots. Harvesters then cut the cane just above ground-level using [[cane knife|cane knives]] or [[machete]]s. A skilled harvester can cut {{convert|500|kg|lb}} of sugarcane per hour.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

[[Image:Sugar cane exhibit at Louisiana State Exhibit Museum IMG 3352.JPG|220px|right|thumb|Sugarcane exhibit at [[Louisiana State Exhibit Museum]] in [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] shows importance of the crop to south [[Louisiana]] from earliest times.]]

Mechanical harvesting uses a [[combine harvester|combine]], or chopper harvester. The Austoft 7000 series was the original modern harvester design that has now been copied by other companies including Cameco/ [[Deere & Company|John Deere]]. The machine cuts the cane at the base of the stalk, strips the leaves, and deposits the cane into a transporter, while blowing the thrash back onto the field. Such machines can harvest {{convert|100|LT|MT}} each hour, but machine-harvested cane must be rapidly processed. Once cut, sugarcane begins to lose its sugar content, and damage to the cane during mechanical harvesting accelerates this decline.

=== Pests ===
The cane grub can substantially reduce crop yield by eating roots; it can be controlled with [[Confidor]] or [[Lorsban]]. Other important pests are the [[larva]]e of some [[lepidoptera|butterfly/moth]] species, including the [[turnip moth]], the [[sugarcane borer]] (''Diatraea saccharalis''), the Mexican rice borer (''Eoreuma loftini''); leaf-cutting ants, [[termites]], [[spittlebug]]s (especially ''Mahanarva fimbriolata'' and ''Deois flavopicta''), and the [[beetle]] ''Migdolus fryanus''. The planthopper insect  ''[[Eumetopina flavipes]]'' acts as a [[phytoplasma]] vector, which causes the sugarcane disease [[ramu stunt]].<ref>[http://www.biology.ox.ac.uk/sugarcane_nov.html ''Eumetopina flavipes'' and Ramu Stunt]</ref>

===Pathogens===
Numerous pathogens infect sugarcane, such as [[Sugarcane Grassy Shoot Disease]] caused by ''[[Phytoplasma]]'', Whiptail disease or [[Sugarcane smut]], [[Pokkah Boeng]] caused by ''[[Fusarium moniliforme]]'', and [[Red Rot]] disease caused by ''[[Colletotrichum falcatum]]''. [[Virus|Viral]] diseases affecting sugarcane include [[Sugarcane mosaic virus]], [[Maize streak virus]], and [[Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus]]. See the [[list of sugarcane diseases]]. Suger cane crop were often used as canes for school teachers in the 17th century

===Nitrogen fixation===
Some sugarcane varieties are known to be capable of fixing atmospheric [[nitrogen]] in association with the bacterium ''[[Glucoacetobacter diazotrophicus]]''.<ref>Yamada, Y., Hoshino, K. & Ishikawa, T. (1998). "''Gluconacetobacter'' corrig. (''Gluconoacetobacter'' [''sic'']). In Validation of Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively
Published Outside the IJSB, List no. 64. ''Int J Syst Bacteriol'' '''48:'''327&ndash;328.</ref> Unlike [[legumes]] and other nitrogen fixing plants which form [[root nodules]] in the soil in association with bacteria, ''G. diazotrophicus'' lives within the intercellular spaces of the sugarcane's stem.<ref>Z. Dong et al., [http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/4/1139 A Nitrogen-Fixing Endophyte of Sugarcane Stems (A New Role for the Apoplast)], Plant Physiology, 1994, Vol 105, Issue 4 1139-1147</ref><ref>R. M. Boddey, S. Urquiaga, V. Reis and J. Döbereiner, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/t31u80v263651648/ Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane], Plant and Soil, Volume 137, Number 1 / November, 1991</ref>

== Processing ==
[[Image:Sugarcane drink.JPG|thumb|200px|Manually extracting juice from sugarcane|alt=Photo of man holding bar that penetrates large tank]]
[[File:Cane-truck-1.JPG|thumb|200px|A truck hauls cane to a sugar mill in Florida|alt=Photo of truck hauling trailer]]
[[Image:Sa brownsugar.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Sugar crystals|alt=Photo of highly magnified raw sugar crystals]]
[[Image:UsinaSantaElisa.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Santa Elisa sugarcane processing plant in [[Sertãozinho]], one of the largest and oldest in Brazil|alt=Photo of shorter building with smoke coming out of smokestack next to five-story office building]]
[[Image:Cane syrup evaporator 1330.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Evaporator with baffled pan and foam dipper for making ribbon cane syrup|alt=Outdoor photo of series of rectangular metal trays divided by short internal metal sheets]]
Traditionally, sugarcane processing requires two stages. Mills extract raw sugar from freshly harvested cane, and sometimes bleach it to make "mill white" sugar for local consumption. Refineries, often located nearer to consumers in North America, Europe, and Japan, then produce refined white sugar, which is 99 percent [[sucrose]]. These two stages are slowly merging. Increasing affluence in the sugar-producing tropics increased demand for refined sugar products, driving a trend toward combined milling and refining.

=== Milling ===
Small [[railway|rail networks]] are a common method of transporting cane to a mill. Refineries test newly arrived cane for [[Brix]] and trash percentage.
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Centrifuge-batterij waarin suiker en resterende stroopmassa gescheiden worden TMnr 10011795.jpg|thumb|left|A centrifuge battery, which separates the sugar syrup from the remaining solids]]
The mill washes, chops, and uses revolving knives to shred the cane. Shredded cane is repeatedly mixed with water and crushed between rollers; the collected juices contain 10&ndash;15 percent sucrose, and the remaining fibrous solids, called [[bagasse]], are burned for fuel. Bagasse makes a sugar mill more than energy self-sufficient; surplus bagasse goes in animal feed, in paper manufacture, or to generate electricity for sale. The cane juice is next mixed with [[Lime (mineral)|lime]] to adjust its [[pH]] to 7. This mixing arrests sucrose's decay into glucose and fructose, and precipitates some impurities. The mixture then sits, allowing the lime and other suspended solids to settle. The clarified juice is concentrated in a [[multiple-effect evaporator]] to make a syrup about 60 percent sucrose by weight. This syrup is further concentrated under vacuum until it becomes [[supersaturated]], and then seeded with crystalline sugar. On cooling, more sugar crystallizes from the syrup. A [[centrifuge]] separates the sugar from the [[molasses]].  Additional crystallizations extract more sugar; the final residue is called blackstrap.

Raw sugar is yellow to brown. Bubbling [[sulfur dioxide]] through the cane juice before evaporation bleaches many color-forming impurities into colorless ones. This ''sulfitation'' produces sugar known as "mill white", "plantation white", and "crystal sugar". Such sugar is the most commonly consumed in sugarcane-producing countries.

=== Refining ===
[[sugar refinery|Sugar refining]] further purifies the raw sugar. It is first mixed with heavy syrup and then centrifuged in a process called 'affination'. Its purpose is to wash away the sugar crystals' outer coating, which is less pure than the crystal interior. The remaining sugar is then dissolved to make a syrup, about 70 percent solids by weight.

The sugar solution is clarified by the addition of [[phosphoric acid]] and [[calcium hydroxide]], which combine to precipitate [[calcium phosphate]]. The calcium phosphate particles entrap some impurities and absorb others, and then float to the top of the tank, where they can be skimmed off. An alternative to this "phosphatation" technique is '[[carbonatation]],' which is similar, but uses [[carbon dioxide]] and calcium hydroxide to produce a [[calcium carbonate]] precipitate.

After filtering any remaining solids, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through [[activated carbon]]. [[Bone char]] is traditionally used in this role.<ref name="VegetarianJournal">{{cite journal | last=Yacoubou, MS | first=Jeanne | title=Is Your Sugar Vegan? An Update on Sugar Processing Practices | journal=Vegetarian Journal | volume=26 | issue=4 | pages=16–20 | publisher=The Vegetarian Resource Group | location=Baltimore, MD | year=2007
| url=https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2007issue4/vj2007issue4.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref> Some remaining color-forming impurities adsorb to the carbon. The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum, to produce [[white refined sugar]]. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging. Additional sugar is recovered by blending the remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again crystallizing to produce [[brown sugar]]. When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses still contains 20&ndash;30 percent sucrose and 15&ndash;25 percent glucose and fructose.

To produce [[granulated sugar]], in which individual grains do not clump, sugar must be dried, first by heating in a rotary dryer, and then by blowing cool air through it for several days.

=== Ribbon cane syrup ===
Ribbon cane is a subtropical type that was once widely grown in the southern United States, as far north as coastal [[North Carolina]]. The juice was extracted with horse or mule-powered crushers; the juice was boiled, like [[maple syrup]], in a flat pan, and then used in the syrup form as a food sweetener. It is not currently a commercial crop, but a few growers find ready sales for their product{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}.
{{-}}

==Production==
[[Image:SugarcaneYield.png|thumb|600px|right|Worldwide sugarcane production]]
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" 
!colspan="3" align=left style="background-color: #ccffcc;"|Top ten sugarcane producers —  2008<ref name=FAOSTAT/>
|-
|bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center| Country
|bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center|Production <br>([[Tonne]]s)
|bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center| Footnotes
|-
| {{BRA}}|| align=right |648,921,280 ||  
|- 
| {{IND}} || align=right |348,187,900 || 
|- 
| {{PRC}}|| align=right |124,917,502 ||  
|- 
| {{THA}}|| align=right |73,501,610  || 
|-
| {{PAK}} || align=right |63,920,000  ||
|- 
| {{MEX}} || align=right |51,106,900  ||  
|- 
| {{COL}}|| align=right |38,500,000  || F 
|- 
| {{AUS}}|| align=right |33,973,000  ||  
|- 
| {{ARG}}|| align=right |29,950,600  ||  
|- 
| {{USA}} || align=right |27,603,000  ||  
|-
| bgcolor=#cccccc| {{noflag}}'''World''' 
| bgcolor=#cccccc align=right | '''1,743,092,995'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc| '''A''' 
|-
|colspan=3 style="font-size:.7em"|P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure<br> A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates);<br>
Source: [http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division]
|}

In India, the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (38.57 %), [[Maharashtra]] (17.76 %) and [[Karnataka]] (12.20 %) lead the nation in sugarcane production<ref>{{cite web |url= http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/tab115.pdf|title= Three largest producing states of important crops|accessdate=2008-04-06}}</ref>.

In the United States, sugar cane is grown commercially in [[Florida]], [[Hawaii]], [[Louisiana]], and [[Texas]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/meagher.htm
|title=Meagher: Sugarcane IPM
|publisher=ipmworld.umn.edu
|accessdate=2008-04-11
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

== Cane ethanol ==
{{Main|Ethanol fuel}}
Ethanol is generally available as a by-product of sugar production. It can be used as a [[biofuel]] alternative to gasoline, and is widely used in cars in Brazil. It is a promising alternative to gasoline, and may become the primary product of sugarcane processing, rather than sugar.

A textbook on renewable energy<ref>da Rosa, A, Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes, 2005, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-12-088510-7, pp. 501-502</ref> describes the energy transformation:

<blockquote>
At present, 75 tons of raw sugar cane are produced annually per hectare in Brazil. The cane delivered to the processing plant is called burned and cropped (b&c), and represents 77% of the mass of the raw cane. The reason for this reduction is that the stalks are separated from the leaves (which are burned and whose ashes are left in the field as fertilizer), and from the roots that remain in the ground to sprout for the next crop. Average cane production is, therefore, 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice (135 kg of sucrose and 605 kg of water) and 260 kg of moist bagasse (130 kg of dry bagasse). Since the higher heating value of sucrose is 16.5 M[[joule|J]]/kg, and that of the bagasse is 19.2 M[[joule|J]]/kg, the total heating value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 G[[joule|J]] of which 2.2 G[[joule|J]] come from the sucrose and 2.5 from the bagasse.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Per hectare per year, the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 T[[joule|J]]. This is equivalent to 0.86 W per square meter. Assuming an average insolation of 225 W per square meter, the photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38%.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
The 135 kg of sucrose found in 1 ton of b&c are transformed into 70 litres of ethanol with a combustion energy of 1.7 G[[joule|J]].  The practical sucrose-ethanol conversion efficiency is, therefore, 76% (compare with the theoretical 97%).
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
One hectare of sugar cane yields 4,000 litres of ethanol per year (without any additional energy input, because the bagasse produced exceeds the amount needed to distill the final product).  This however does not include the energy used in tilling, transportation, and so on.  Thus, the solar energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency is 0.13%.
</blockquote>

== Sugarcane as food ==
[[Image:Sugarcane juice vendors, Dhaka.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sugarcane juice]] vendors in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]|alt=]]
In most countries where sugarcane is cultivated, there are several foods and popular dishes derived directly from it, such as:
* Raw sugarcane: chewed to extract the juice
* [[Sugarcane juice]]: a combination of fresh juice, extracted by hand or small mills,  with a touch of lemon and ice to make a popular drink, known variously as ''ganne ka rass'', ''guarab, guarapa,'' ''guarapo,'' ''papelón,'' ''aseer asab'', ''Ganna sharbat'', ''mosto'' and ''caldo de cana''
* [[Cachaça]]: the most popular [[distilled]] [[alcoholic beverage]] in Brazil; a liquor made of the distillation of sugarcane
* [[Jaggery]]: a solidified molasses, known as ''Gur'' or ''Gud'' in India, traditionally produced by evaporating juice to make a thick sludge and then cooling and molding it in buckets. Modern production partially freeze dries the juice to reduce caramelization and lighten its color.  It is used as sweetener in cooking traditional entrees, sweets and desserts.
* [[Panela]]: solid pieces of [[sucrose]] and [[fructose]]  obtained from the boiling and evaporation of sugarcane juice; a food staple in Colombia and other countries in South and Central America
* [[Molasses]]: used as a [[Sugar substitute|sweetener]] and a syrup accompanying other foods, such as cheese or cookies
* [[Rapadura]]: a sweet flour which is one of the simplest refinings of sugarcane juice
* [[Rum]]: especially in the Caribbean
* [[Falernum]]: a sweet, and lightly alcoholic drink made from sugar cane juice.
* [[Syrup]]: a traditional sweetener in soft drinks, now largely supplanted (in the US at least) by [[high-fructose corn syrup]], which is less expensive because of subsidies.
* [[Rock candy]]: crystallized cane juice
* Sayur Nganten : name of [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] soup made of trubuk stem (Saccharum edule).

==See also==
* [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean]]
* [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii]]
* [[Sugarcane cultivation in Sri Lanka]]

== References ==
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{{reflist}}

*Bailey, L. H. and Bailey, E. Z. 1976. ''Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada''. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York

==External links==
{{Commons category|Saccharum}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.sucropedia.com Online encyclopedia about sugar production]
* [http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/?22255/Sugar-and-the-Environment-Encouraging-Better-Management-Practices-in-Sugar-Production-and-Processing Sugar and the Environment], World Wildlife Federation
* http://www.caneinfo.nic.in, '''''CaneInfo''''': India-specific 

Industry organizations
* [http://english.unica.com.br/ Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA)]
* [http://www.nfsp-philippines.org National Federation of Sugarcane Planters, Philippines]
* [http://www.bettersugarcane.org/ The Better Sugar Cane Initiative]
* [http://www.ethical-sugar.org/ Ethical Sugar NGO] 

{{Agriculture country lists|state=collapsed}}
{{Bioenergy}}

[[Category:Saccharum| ]]
[[Category:Poaceae genera]]
[[Category:Energy crops]]
[[Category:Sugar]]
[[Category:Ethanol fuel]]
[[Category:Sweeteners]]

[[ar:قصب السكر]]
[[gn:Takuare'ẽ]]
[[bn:আখ]]
[[zh-min-nan:Kam-chià]]
[[bg:Захарна тръстика]]
[[ca:Canya de sucre]]
[[cs:Cukrová třtina]]
[[ch:Tupu]]
[[da:Sukkerrør-slægten]]
[[de:Zuckerrohr]]
[[dv:އުއްދަނޑި]]
[[et:Suhkruroog]]
[[el:Ζαχαροκάλαμο]]
[[es:Saccharum officinarum]]
[[eo:Sukerkano]]
[[eu:Azukre-kanabera]]
[[fa:نیشکر]]
[[fr:Canne à sucre]]
[[gl:Cana de azucre]]
[[gu:શેરડી]]
[[ko:사탕수수]]
[[hi:गन्ना]]
[[hsb:Prawa cokorina]]
[[hr:Šećerna trska]]
[[id:Tebu]]
[[it:Saccharum officinarum]]
[[he:קנה סוכר]]
[[jv:Tebu]]
[[kn:ಕಬ್ಬು]]
[[kg:Nkuku]]
[[ht:Kann]]
[[la:Saccharum officinarum]]
[[lt:Cukranendrė]]
[[lg:Kikajjo]]
[[hu:Cukornád]]
[[ml:കരിമ്പ്]]
[[mr:ऊस]]
[[arz:قصب السكر]]
[[ms:Tebu]]
[[mn:Чихрийн нишингэ]]
[[nl:Suikerriet]]
[[ne:उखु]]
[[ja:サトウキビ]]
[[no:Sukkerrør]]
[[pnb:گنا]]
[[pl:Trzcina cukrowa]]
[[pt:Cana-de-açúcar]]
[[ro:Trestie de zahăr]]
[[qu:Misk'i wiru]]
[[ru:Сахарный тростник]]
[[simple:Sugarcane]]
[[sk:Cukrová trstina]]
[[sr:Шећерна трска]]
[[fi:Sokeriruoko]]
[[sv:Sockerrör]]
[[tl:Tubo]]
[[ta:கரும்பு]]
[[te:చెరకు]]
[[th:อ้อย]]
[[to:Tō]]
[[tr:Şeker kamışı]]
[[uk:Цукрова тростина]]
[[vi:Mía]]
[[zh:甘蔗]]

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